Discover how the European Monetary System (EMS) stabilized currencies and laid the groundwork for the euro, creating economic unity in Europe from 1979 onwards.

How do states reach agreement on creating or changing international institutions? The dominant theory of international cooperation-institutional theory-specifies how states with shared interests use ...

In 1999, eleven European countries adopted the euro as their common currency (Greece followed in 2001). This followed a long period of gradually tying their national currencies together more tightly ...

Most economists would argue that monetary integration leads to financial integration; in other words, when a set of countries has a common currency, as in the European Monetary Union (EMU), for ...

There has been a significant regionalization of international trade. In 1990, 37 percent of the foreign trade of Canada, Mexico, and the United States was bilateral trade between pairs of those three ...

Erik Jones is Director of European and Eurasian Studies and Professor of European Studies and International Political Economy at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of the Johns ...

Can the European Union be salvaged? New books by Timothy Garton Ash and Loukas Tsoukalis document the moral and political exhaustion of the “EU” generation. Berlin, December 22, 1989. Barely a decade ...

Discover how George Soros profited $1 billion by shorting the British pound on Black Wednesday, leading to its devaluation and the UK's exit from the ERM.

The history of the British pound is as distinctive as that of the British Empire. And just like the sun never set on the Empire, so it goes with the pound, always there through wars, plague, ice ages, ...

This course is available on the MA in Asian and International History (LSE and NUS), MA in Modern History, MSc in History of International Relations, MSc in International Affairs (LSE and Peking ...