Background The scapula has an important role for mobility and functional stability in the shoulder joint. The invasive methods of scapula tracking cannot be performed in clinical practice and the ...

Background: It is important to deal with the scapula when developing rehabilitation strategies for the shoulder complex. This requires clinical measurement tools that are readily available and easy to ...

Scapular kinematics and muscle activity are fundamental aspects of shoulder function and rehabilitation. The scapula serves not only as a base for multiple muscular attachments but also as a dynamic ...