Jonny Nelson explains how changes in a material’s temperature or state of matter are caused by changes to internal energy. The energy required by different materials depends on their heat capacity and ...

The distances between particles are smallest in the solid, they are larger in the liquid and larger again in the gas. The particles in gases and liquids move more freely than in solids, so their ...

Quantum criticality is a central paradigm in physics. It unifies the description of diverse systems in the vicinity of a second-order, zero-temperature quantum phase transition, governed by a quantum ...