Complexity refers to a scientific theory that asserts that some systems display behavioral phenomena that are inexplicable by conventional explanations or analysis of its individual parts.

At present, complex-system theory still awaits its Pascal and Fermat. The mathematical concepts and methods currently available were developed, by and large, to describe simple systems composed of …

Dec 15, 2025 · Computer scientists use mathematical measures of complexity that allow them to predict, before writing the code, how fast an algorithm will run and how much memory it will require.

Nov 10, 2025 · The description and analysis of that very definite real-world problem led Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal to create probability theory. At present, complex-system theory still awaits its …

Nov 10, 2025 · Complexity - Predictability, Emergence, Nonlinearity: There are no surprises in simple systems. Drop a stone, it falls; stretch a spring and let go, it oscillates in a fixed pattern; put money …

Nov 10, 2025 · Complexity - Connectivity, Emergence, Interactions: What makes a system a system, and not simply a collection of elements, are the connections and interactions between its …

Complexity - Emergence, Nonlinearity, Self-Organization: The vast majority of counterintuitive behaviours shown by complex systems are attributable to some combination of the following five …

Dec 18, 2025 · P versus NP problem, in computational complexity (a subfield of theoretical computer science and mathematics), the question of whether all so-called NP problems are actually P problems.

Dec 31, 2025 · The liberal U.S. senator Edward Kennedy wrote in 2002 that “intelligent design is not a genuine scientific theory and, therefore, has no place in the curriculum of our nation’s public school …

Morgan condemned the 20th-century French intuitionist Henri Bergson’s creative evolution as speculative, while proclaiming emergent evolution as a scientific theory. Even so, the theory has not …